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Python library

2 Built-in Objects

  • 2.1 Built-in Functions
    • import__(name[, globals[, locals[, fromlist[, level]]]])
    • abs(x)
    • all(iterable)
    • any(iterable)
    • basestring()
    • bool([x])
    • callable(object)
    • chr(i)
    • classmethod(function)
    • cmp(x, y)
    • compile(string, filename, kind[, flags[, dont_inherit]])
    • complex([real[, imag]])
    • delattr(object, name)
    • dict([arg])
    • dir([object])
    • divmod(a, b)
    • enumerate(iterable)
    • eval(expression[, globals[, locals]])
    • execfile(filename[, globals[, locals]])
    • file(filename[, mode[, bufsize]])
    • filter(function, iterable)
    • float([x])
    • frozenset([iterable])
    • getattr(object, name[, default])
    • globals()
    • hasattr(object, name)
    • hash(object)
    • help([object])
    • hex(x)
    • id(object)
    • input([prompt])
    • int([x[, radix]])
    • isinstance(object, classinfo)
    • issubclass(class, classinfo)
    • iter(o[, sentinel])
    • len(s)
    • list([iterable])
    • locals()
    • long([x[, radix]])
    • map(function, iterable, ...)
    • max(iterable[, args...][key])
    • min(iterable[, args...][key])
    • object()
    • oct(x)
    • open(filename[, mode[, bufsize]])
    • ord(c)
    • pow(x, y[, z])
    • property([fget[, fset[, fdel[, doc]]]])
    • range([start,] stop[, step])
    • raw_input([prompt])
    • reduce(function, iterable[, initializer])
    • reload(module)
    • repr(object)
    • reversed(seq)
    • round(x[, n])
    • set([iterable])
    • setattr(object, name, value)
    • slice([start,] stop[, step])
    • sorted(iterable[, cmp[, key[, reverse]]])
    • staticmethod(function)
    • str([object])
    • sum(iterable[, start])
    • super(type[, object-or-type])
    • tuple([iterable])
    • type(object)
    • type(name, bases, dict)
    • unichr(i)
    • unicode([object[, encoding [, errors]]])
    • vars([object])
    • xrange([start,] stop[, step])
    • zip([iterable, ...])
  • 2.2 Non-essential Built-in Functions
    • apply(function, args[, keywords])
    • buffer(object[, offset[, size]])
    • coerce(x, y)
    • intern(string)
  • 2.3 Built-in Exceptions



        BaseException

         +-- SystemExit

         +-- KeyboardInterrupt

         +-- Exception

              +-- GeneratorExit

              +-- StopIteration

              +-- StandardError

              |    +-- ArithmeticError

              |    |    +-- FloatingPointError

              |    |    +-- OverflowError

              |    |    +-- ZeroDivisionError

              |    +-- AssertionError

              |    +-- AttributeError

              |    +-- EnvironmentError

              |    |    +-- IOError

              |    |    +-- OSError

              |    |         +-- WindowsError (Windows)

              |    |         +-- VMSError (VMS)

              |    +-- EOFError

              |    +-- ImportError

              |    +-- LookupError

              |    |    +-- IndexError

              |    |    +-- KeyError

              |    +-- MemoryError

              |    +-- NameError

              |    |    +-- UnboundLocalError

              |    +-- ReferenceError

              |    +-- RuntimeError

              |    |    +-- NotImplementedError

              |    +-- SyntaxError

              |    |    +-- IndentationError

              |    |         +-- TabError

              |    +-- SystemError

              |    +-- TypeError

              |    +-- ValueError

              |    |    +-- UnicodeError

              |    |         +-- UnicodeDecodeError

              |    |         +-- UnicodeEncodeError

              |    |         +-- UnicodeTranslateError

              +-- Warning

                   +-- DeprecationWarning

                   +-- PendingDeprecationWarning

                   +-- RuntimeWarning

                   +-- SyntaxWarning

                   +-- UserWarning

                   +-- FutureWarning

                   +-- ImportWarning

                   +-- UnicodeWarning

  • 2.4 Built-in Constants
    • False
    • True
    • None
    • NotImplemented
    • Ellipsis

3 Built-in Types

  • 3.1 Truth Value Testing
  • 3.2 Boolean Operations — and, or, not
  • 3.3 Comparisons
  • 3.4 Numeric Types — int, float, long, complex
    • 3.4.1 Bit-string Operations on Integer Types
  • 3.5 Iterator Types
  • 3.6 Sequence Types — str, unicode, list, tuple, buffer, xrange
    • 3.6.1 String Methods
    • 3.6.2 String Formatting Operations
    • 3.6.3 XRange Type
    • 3.6.4 Mutable Sequence Types
  • 3.7 Set Types — set, frozenset
  • 3.8 Mapping Types — dict
  • 3.9 File Objects
  • 3.10 Context Manager Types
  • 3.11 Other Built-in Types
    • 3.11.1 Modules
    • 3.11.2 Classes and Class Instances
    • 3.11.3 Functions
    • 3.11.4 Methods
    • 3.11.5 Code Objects
    • 3.11.6 Type Objects
    • 3.11.7 The Null Object
    • 3.11.8 The Ellipsis Object
    • 3.11.9 Boolean Values
    • 3.11.10 Internal Objects
  • 3.12 Special Attributes

4 String Services

  • 4.1 string — Common string operations
    • 4.1.1 String constants
    • 4.1.2 Template strings
    • 4.1.3 String functions
    • 4.1.4 Deprecated string functions
  • 4.2 re — Regular expression operations
    • 4.2.1 Regular Expression Syntax
    • 4.2.2 Matching vs Searching
    • 4.2.3 Module Contents
    • 4.2.4 Regular Expression Objects
    • 4.2.5 Match Objects
    • 4.2.6 Examples
  • 4.3 struct — Interpret strings as packed binary data
    • 4.3.1 Struct Objects
  • 4.4 difflib — Helpers for computing deltas
    • 4.4.1 SequenceMatcher Objects
    • 4.4.2 SequenceMatcher Examples
    • 4.4.3 Differ Objects
    • 4.4.4 Differ Example
  • 4.5 StringIO — Read and write strings as files
  • 4.6 cStringIO — Faster version of StringIO
  • 4.7 textwrap — Text wrapping and filling
  • 4.8 codecs — Codec registry and base classes
    • 4.8.1 Codec Base Classes
    • 4.8.2 Encodings and Unicode
    • 4.8.3 Standard Encodings
    • 4.8.4 encodings.idna — Internationalized Domain Names in Applications
    • 4.8.5 encodings.utf_8_sig — UTF-8 codec with BOM signature
  • 4.9 unicodedata — Unicode Database
  • 4.10 stringprep — Internet String Preparation
  • 4.11 fpformat — Floating point conversions

5 Data Types

  • 5.1 datetime — Basic date and time types
    • 5.1.1 Available Types
    • 5.1.2 timedelta Objects
    • 5.1.3 date Objects
    • 5.1.4 datetime Objects
    • 5.1.5 time Objects
    • 5.1.6 tzinfo Objects
    • 5.1.7 strftime() Behavior
  • 5.2 calendar — General calendar-related functions
  • 5.3 collections — High-performance container datatypes
    • 5.3.1 deque objects
    • 5.3.2 defaultdict objects
  • 5.4 heapq — Heap queue algorithm
    • 5.4.1 Theory
  • 5.5 bisect — Array bisection algorithm
    • 5.5.1 Examples
  • 5.6 array — Efficient arrays of numeric values
  • 5.7 sets — Unordered collections of unique elements
    • 5.7.1 Set Objects
    • 5.7.2 Example
    • 5.7.3 Protocol for automatic conversion to immutable
    • 5.7.4 Comparison to the built-in set types
  • 5.8 sched — Event scheduler
    • 5.8.1 Scheduler Objects
  • 5.9 mutex — Mutual exclusion support
    • 5.9.1 Mutex Objects
  • 5.10 Queue — A synchronized queue class
    • 5.10.1 Queue Objects
  • 5.11 weakref — Weak references
    • 5.11.1 Weak Reference Objects
    • 5.11.2 Example
  • 5.12 UserDict — Class wrapper for dictionary objects
  • 5.13 UserList — Class wrapper for list objects
  • 5.14 UserString — Class wrapper for string objects
  • 5.15 types — Names for built-in types
  • 5.16 new — Creation of runtime internal objects
  • 5.17 copy — Shallow and deep copy operations
  • 5.18 pprint — Data pretty printer
    • 5.18.1 PrettyPrinter Objects
  • 5.19 repr — Alternate repr() implementation
    • 5.19.1 Repr Objects
    • 5.19.2 Subclassing Repr Objects

6 Numeric and Mathematical Modules

  • 6.1 math — Mathematical functions
  • 6.2 cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers
  • 6.3 decimal — Decimal floating point arithmetic
    • 6.3.1 Quick-start Tutorial
    • 6.3.2 Decimal objects
    • 6.3.3 Context objects
    • 6.3.4 Signals
    • 6.3.5 Floating Point Notes
    • 6.3.6 Working with threads
    • 6.3.7 Recipes
    • 6.3.8 Decimal FAQ
  • 6.4 random — Generate pseudo-random numbers
  • 6.5 itertools — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping
    • 6.5.1 Itertool functions
    • 6.5.2 Examples
    • 6.5.3 Recipes
  • 6.6 functools — Higher order functions and operations on callable objects.
    • 6.6.1 partial Objects
  • 6.7 operator — Standard operators as functions.
    • 6.7.1 Mapping Operators to Functions

7 Internet Data Handling

  • 7.1 email — An email and MIME handling package
    • 7.1.1 Representing an email message
    • 7.1.2 Parsing email messages
    • 7.1.3 Generating MIME documents
    • 7.1.4 Creating email and MIME objects from scratch
    • 7.1.5 Internationalized headers
    • 7.1.6 Representing character sets
    • 7.1.7 Encoders
    • 7.1.8 Exception and Defect classes
    • 7.1.9 Miscellaneous utilities
    • 7.1.10 Iterators
    • 7.1.11 Package History
    • 7.1.12 Differences from mimelib
    • 7.1.13 Examples
  • 7.2 mailcap — Mailcap file handling.
  • 7.3 mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
    • 7.3.1 Mailbox objects
    • 7.3.2 Message objects
    • 7.3.3 Exceptions
    • 7.3.4 Deprecated classes and methods
    • 7.3.5 Examples
  • 7.4 mhlib — Access to MH mailboxes
    • 7.4.1 MH Objects
    • 7.4.2 Folder Objects
    • 7.4.3 Message Objects
  • 7.5 mimetools — Tools for parsing MIME messages
    • 7.5.1 Additional Methods of Message Objects
  • 7.6 mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types
    • 7.6.1 MimeTypes Objects
  • 7.7 MimeWriter — Generic MIME file writer
    • 7.7.1 MimeWriter Objects
  • 7.8 mimify — MIME processing of mail messages
  • 7.9 multifile — Support for files containing distinct parts
    • 7.9.1 MultiFile Objects
    • 7.9.2 MultiFile Example
  • 7.10 rfc822 — Parse RFC 2822 mail headers
    • 7.10.1 Message Objects
    • 7.10.2 AddressList Objects
  • 7.11 base64 — RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings
  • 7.12 binhex — Encode and decode binhex4 files
    • 7.12.1 Notes
  • 7.13 binascii — Convert between binary and ASCII
  • 7.14 quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
  • 7.15 uu — Encode and decode uuencode files

8 Structured Markup Processing Tools

  • 8.1 HTMLParser — Simple HTML and XHTML parser
    • 8.1.1 Example HTML Parser Application
  • 8.2 sgmllib — Simple SGML parser
  • 8.3 htmllib — A parser for HTML documents
    • 8.3.1 HTMLParser Objects
  • 8.4 htmlentitydefs — Definitions of HTML general entities
  • 8.5 xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat
    • 8.5.1 XMLParser Objects
    • 8.5.2 ExpatError Exceptions
    • 8.5.3 Example
    • 8.5.4 Content Model Descriptions
    • 8.5.5 Expat error constants
  • 8.6 xml.dom — The Document Object Model API
    • 8.6.1 Module Contents
    • 8.6.2 Objects in the DOM
    • 8.6.3 Conformance
  • 8.7 xml.dom.minidom — Lightweight DOM implementation
    • 8.7.1 DOM Objects
    • 8.7.2 DOM Example
    • 8.7.3 minidom and the DOM standard
  • 8.8 xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees
    • 8.8.1 DOMEventStream Objects
  • 8.9 xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers
    • 8.9.1 SAXException Objects
  • 8.10 xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers
    • 8.10.1 ContentHandler Objects
    • 8.10.2 DTDHandler Objects
    • 8.10.3 EntityResolver Objects
    • 8.10.4 ErrorHandler Objects
  • 8.11 xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities
  • 8.12 xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers
    • 8.12.1 XMLReader Objects
    • 8.12.2 IncrementalParser Objects
    • 8.12.3 Locator Objects
    • 8.12.4 InputSource Objects
    • 8.12.5 The Attributes Interface
    • 8.12.6 The AttributesNS Interface
  • 8.13 xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API
    • 8.13.1 Functions
    • 8.13.2 ElementTree Objects
    • 8.13.3 QName Objects
    • 8.13.4 TreeBuilder Objects
    • 8.13.5 XMLTreeBuilder Objects

9 File Formats

  • 9.1 csv — CSV File Reading and Writing
    • 9.1.1 Module Contents
    • 9.1.2 Dialects and Formatting Parameters
    • 9.1.3 Reader Objects
    • 9.1.4 Writer Objects
    • 9.1.5 Examples
  • 9.2 ConfigParser — Configuration file parser
    • 9.2.1 RawConfigParser Objects
    • 9.2.2 ConfigParser Objects
    • 9.2.3 SafeConfigParser Objects
  • 9.3 robotparser — Parser for robots.txt
  • 9.4 netrc — netrc file processing
    • 9.4.1 netrc Objects
  • 9.5 xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data
    • 9.5.1 Packer Objects
    • 9.5.2 Unpacker Objects
    • 9.5.3 Exceptions

10 Cryptographic Services

  • 10.1 hashlib — Secure hashes and message digests
  • 10.2 hmac — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
  • 10.3 md5 — MD5 message digest algorithm
  • 10.4 sha — SHA-1 message digest algorithm

11 File and Directory Access

  • 11.1 os.path — Common pathname manipulations
  • 11.2 fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
  • 11.3 stat — Interpreting stat() results
  • 11.4 statvfs — Constants used with os.statvfs()
  • 11.5 filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons
    • 11.5.1 The dircmp class
  • 11.6 tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories
  • 11.7 glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion
  • 11.8 fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching
  • 11.9 linecache — Random access to text lines
  • 11.10 shutil — High-level file operations
    • 11.10.1 Example
  • 11.11 dircache — Cached directory listings

12 Data Compression and Archiving

  • 12.1 zlib — Compression compatible with gzip
  • 12.2 gzip — Support for gzip files
  • 12.3 bz2 — Compression compatible with bzip2
    • 12.3.1 (De)compression of files
    • 12.3.2 Sequential (de)compression
    • 12.3.3 One-shot (de)compression
  • 12.4 zipfile — Work with ZIP archives
    • 12.4.1 ZipFile Objects
    • 12.4.2 PyZipFile Objects
    • 12.4.3 ZipInfo Objects
  • 12.5 tarfile — Read and write tar archive files
    • 12.5.1 TarFile Objects
    • 12.5.2 TarInfo Objects
    • 12.5.3 Examples

13 Data Persistence

  • 13.1 pickle — Python object serialization
    • 13.1.1 Relationship to other Python modules
    • 13.1.2 Data stream format
    • 13.1.3 Usage
    • 13.1.4 What can be pickled and unpickled?
    • 13.1.5 The pickle protocol
    • 13.1.6 Subclassing Unpicklers
    • 13.1.7 Example
  • 13.2 cPickle — A faster pickle
  • 13.3 copy_reg — Register pickle support functions
  • 13.4 shelve — Python object persistence
    • 13.4.1 Restrictions
    • 13.4.2 Example
  • 13.5 marshal — Internal Python object serialization
  • 13.6 anydbm — Generic access to DBM-style databases
  • 13.7 whichdb — Guess which DBM module created a database
  • 13.8 dbm — Simple database interface
  • 13.9 gdbm — GNU's reinterpretation of dbm
  • 13.10 dbhash — DBM-style interface to the BSD database library
    • 13.10.1 Database Objects
  • 13.11 bsddb — Interface to Berkeley DB library
    • 13.11.1 Hash, BTree and Record Objects
  • 13.12 dumbdbm — Portable DBM implementation
    • 13.12.1 Dumbdbm Objects
  • 13.13 sqlite3 — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases
    • 13.13.1 Module functions and constants
    • 13.13.2 Connection Objects
    • 13.13.3 Cursor Objects
    • 13.13.4 SQLite and Python types
    • 13.13.5 Controlling Transactions
    • 13.13.6 Using pysqlite efficiently

14 Generic Operating System Services

  • 14.1 os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
    • 14.1.1 Process Parameters
    • 14.1.2 File Object Creation
    • 14.1.3 File Descriptor Operations
    • 14.1.4 Files and Directories
    • 14.1.5 Process Management
    • 14.1.6 Miscellaneous System Information
    • 14.1.7 Miscellaneous Functions
  • 14.2 time — Time access and conversions
  • 14.3 optparse — More powerful command line option parser
    • 14.3.1 Background
    • 14.3.2 Tutorial
    • 14.3.3 Reference Guide
    • 14.3.4 Option Callbacks
    • 14.3.5 Extending optparse
  • 14.4 getopt — Parser for command line options
  • 14.5 logging — Logging facility for Python
    • 14.5.1 Logger Objects
    • 14.5.2 Basic example
    • 14.5.3 Logging to multiple destinations
    • 14.5.4 Sending and receiving logging events across a network
    • 14.5.5 Handler Objects
    • 14.5.6 Formatter Objects
    • 14.5.7 Filter Objects
    • 14.5.8 LogRecord Objects
    • 14.5.9 Thread Safety
    • 14.5.10 Configuration
  • 14.6 getpass — Portable password input
  • 14.7 curses — Terminal handling for character-cell displays
    • 14.7.1 Functions
    • 14.7.2 Window Objects
    • 14.7.3 Constants
  • 14.8 curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs
    • 14.8.1 Textbox objects
  • 14.9 curses.wrapper — Terminal handler for curses programs
  • 14.10 curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters
  • 14.11 curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses.
    • 14.11.1 Functions
    • 14.11.2 Panel Objects
  • 14.12 platform — Access to underlying platform's identifying data.
    • 14.12.1 Cross Platform
    • 14.12.2 Java Platform
    • 14.12.3 Windows Platform
    • 14.12.4 Mac OS Platform
    • 14.12.5 Unix Platforms
  • 14.13 errno — Standard errno system symbols
  • 14.14 ctypes — A foreign function library for Python.
    • 14.14.1 ctypes tutorial
    • 14.14.2 ctypes reference

15 Optional Operating System Services

  • 15.1 select — Waiting for I/O completion
    • 15.1.1 Polling Objects
  • 15.2 thread — Multiple threads of control
  • 15.3 threading — Higher-level threading interface
    • 15.3.1 Lock Objects
    • 15.3.2 RLock Objects
    • 15.3.3 Condition Objects
    • 15.3.4 Semaphore Objects
    • 15.3.5 Event Objects
    • 15.3.6 Thread Objects
    • 15.3.7 Timer Objects
    • 15.3.8 Using locks, conditions, and semaphores in the with statement
  • 15.4 dummy_thread — Drop-in replacement for the thread module
  • 15.5 dummy_threading — Drop-in replacement for the threading module
  • 15.6 mmap — Memory-mapped file support
  • 15.7 readline — GNU readline interface
    • 15.7.1 Example
  • 15.8 rlcompleter — Completion function for GNU readline
    • 15.8.1 Completer Objects

16 Unix Specific Services

  • 16.1 posix — The most common POSIX system calls
    • 16.1.1 Large File Support
    • 16.1.2 Module Contents
  • 16.2 pwd — The password database
  • 16.3 spwd — The shadow password database
  • 16.4 grp — The group database
  • 16.5 crypt — Function to check Unix passwords
  • 16.6 dl — Call C functions in shared objects
    • 16.6.1 Dl Objects
  • 16.7 termios — POSIX style tty control
    • 16.7.1 Example
  • 16.8 tty — Terminal control functions
  • 16.9 pty — Pseudo-terminal utilities
  • 16.10 fcntl — The fcntl() and ioctl() system calls
  • 16.11 pipes — Interface to shell pipelines
    • 16.11.1 Template Objects
  • 16.12 posixfile — File-like objects with locking support
  • 16.13 resource — Resource usage information
    • 16.13.1 Resource Limits
    • 16.13.2 Resource Usage
  • 16.14 nis — Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages)
  • 16.15 syslog — Unix syslog library routines
  • 16.16 commands — Utilities for running commands

17 Interprocess Communication and Networking

  • 17.1 subprocess — Subprocess management
    • 17.1.1 Using the subprocess Module
    • 17.1.2 Popen Objects
    • 17.1.3 Replacing Older Functions with the subprocess Module
  • 17.2 socket — Low-level networking interface
    • 17.2.1 Socket Objects
    • 17.2.2 SSL Objects
    • 17.2.3 Example
  • 17.3 signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events
    • 17.3.1 Example
  • 17.4 popen2 — Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams
    • 17.4.1 Popen3 and Popen4 Objects
    • 17.4.2 Flow Control Issues
  • 17.5 asyncore — Asynchronous socket handler
    • 17.5.1 asyncore Example basic HTTP client
  • 17.6 asynchat — Asynchronous socket command/response handler
    • 17.6.1 asynchat - Auxiliary Classes and Functions
    • 17.6.2 asynchat Example

18 Internet Protocols and Support

  • 18.1 webbrowser — Convenient Web-browser controller
    • 18.1.1 Browser Controller Objects
  • 18.2 cgi — Common Gateway Interface support.
    • 18.2.1 Introduction
    • 18.2.2 Using the cgi module
    • 18.2.3 Higher Level Interface
    • 18.2.4 Old classes
    • 18.2.5 Functions
    • 18.2.6 Caring about security
    • 18.2.7 Installing your CGI script on a Unix system
    • 18.2.8 Testing your CGI script
    • 18.2.9 Debugging CGI scripts
    • 18.2.10 Common problems and solutions
  • 18.3 cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts
  • 18.4 wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
    • 18.4.1 wsgiref.util - WSGI environment utilities
    • 18.4.2 wsgiref.headers - WSGI response header tools
    • 18.4.3 wsgiref.simple_server - a simple WSGI HTTP server
    • 18.4.4 wsgiref.validate - WSGI conformance checker
    • 18.4.5 wsgiref.handlers - server/gateway base classes
  • 18.5 urllib — Open arbitrary resources by URL
    • 18.5.1 URLopener Objects
    • 18.5.2 Examples
  • 18.6 urllib2 — extensible library for opening URLs
    • 18.6.1 Request Objects
    • 18.6.2 OpenerDirector Objects
    • 18.6.3 BaseHandler Objects
    • 18.6.4 HTTPRedirectHandler Objects
    • 18.6.5 HTTPCookieProcessor Objects
    • 18.6.6 ProxyHandler Objects
    • 18.6.7 HTTPPasswordMgr Objects
    • 18.6.8 AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects
    • 18.6.9 HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects
    • 18.6.10 ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects
    • 18.6.11 AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects
    • 18.6.12 HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects
    • 18.6.13 ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects
    • 18.6.14 HTTPHandler Objects
    • 18.6.15 HTTPSHandler Objects
    • 18.6.16 FileHandler Objects
    • 18.6.17 FTPHandler Objects
    • 18.6.18 CacheFTPHandler Objects
    • 18.6.19 GopherHandler Objects
    • 18.6.20 UnknownHandler Objects
    • 18.6.21 HTTPErrorProcessor Objects
    • 18.6.22 Examples
  • 18.7 httplib — HTTP protocol client
    • 18.7.1 HTTPConnection Objects
    • 18.7.2 HTTPResponse Objects
    • 18.7.3 Examples
  • 18.8 ftplib — FTP protocol client
    • 18.8.1 FTP Objects
  • 18.9 gopherlib — Gopher protocol client
  • 18.10 poplib — POP3 protocol client
    • 18.10.1 POP3 Objects
    • 18.10.2 POP3 Example
  • 18.11 imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client
    • 18.11.1 IMAP4 Objects
    • 18.11.2 IMAP4 Example
  • 18.12 nntplib — NNTP protocol client
    • 18.12.1 NNTP Objects
  • 18.13 smtplib — SMTP protocol client
    • 18.13.1 SMTP Objects
    • 18.13.2 SMTP Example
  • 18.14 smtpd — SMTP Server
    • 18.14.1 SMTPServer Objects
    • 18.14.2 DebuggingServer Objects
    • 18.14.3 PureProxy Objects
    • 18.14.4 MailmanProxy Objects
  • 18.15 telnetlib — Telnet client
    • 18.15.1 Telnet Objects
    • 18.15.2 Telnet Example
  • 18.16 uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122
    • 18.16.1 Example
  • 18.17 urlparse — Parse URLs into components
    • 18.17.1 Results of urlparse() and urlsplit()
  • 18.18 SocketServer — A framework for network servers
    • 18.18.1 Server Creation Notes
    • 18.18.2 Server Objects
    • 18.18.3 RequestHandler Objects
  • 18.19 BaseHTTPServer — Basic HTTP server
  • 18.20 SimpleHTTPServer — Simple HTTP request handler
  • 18.21 CGIHTTPServer — CGI-capable HTTP request handler
  • 18.22 cookielib — Cookie handling for HTTP clients
    • 18.22.1 CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects
    • 18.22.2 FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers
    • 18.22.3 CookiePolicy Objects
    • 18.22.4 DefaultCookiePolicy Objects
    • 18.22.5 Cookie Objects
    • 18.22.6 Examples
  • 18.23 Cookie — HTTP state management
    • 18.23.1 Cookie Objects
    • 18.23.2 Morsel Objects
    • 18.23.3 Example
  • 18.24 xmlrpclib — XML-RPC client access
    • 18.24.1 ServerProxy Objects
    • 18.24.2 Boolean Objects
    • 18.24.3 DateTime Objects
    • 18.24.4 Binary Objects
    • 18.24.5 Fault Objects
    • 18.24.6 ProtocolError Objects
    • 18.24.7 MultiCall Objects
    • 18.24.8 Convenience Functions
    • 18.24.9 Example of Client Usage
  • 18.25 SimpleXMLRPCServer — Basic XML-RPC server
    • 18.25.1 SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects
    • 18.25.2 CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
  • 18.26 DocXMLRPCServer — Self-documenting XML-RPC server
    • 18.26.1 DocXMLRPCServer Objects
    • 18.26.2 DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler

19 Multimedia Services

  • 19.1 audioop — Manipulate raw audio data
  • 19.2 imageop — Manipulate raw image data
  • 19.3 aifc — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
  • 19.4 sunau — Read and write Sun AU files
    • 19.4.1 AU_read Objects
    • 19.4.2 AU_write Objects
  • 19.5 wave — Read and write WAV files
    • 19.5.1 Wave_read Objects
    • 19.5.2 Wave_write Objects
  • 19.6 chunk — Read IFF chunked data
  • 19.7 colorsys — Conversions between color systems
  • 19.8 rgbimg — Read and write SGI RGB files
  • 19.9 imghdr — Determine the type of an image
  • 19.10 sndhdr — Determine type of sound file
  • 19.11 ossaudiodev — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
    • 19.11.1 Audio Device Objects
    • 19.11.2 Mixer Device Objects

20 Graphical User Interfaces with Tk

  • 20.1 Tkinter — Python interface to Tcl/Tk
    • 20.1.1 Tkinter Modules
    • 20.1.2 Tkinter Life Preserver
    • 20.1.3 A (Very) Quick Look at Tcl/Tk
    • 20.1.4 Mapping Basic Tk into Tkinter
    • 20.1.5 How Tk and Tkinter are Related
    • 20.1.6 Handy Reference
  • 20.2 Tix — Extension widgets for Tk
    • 20.2.1 Using Tix
    • 20.2.2 Tix Widgets
    • 20.2.3 Tix Commands
  • 20.3 ScrolledText — Scrolled Text Widget
  • 20.4 turtle — Turtle graphics for Tk
    • 20.4.1 Turtle, Pen and RawPen Objects
  • 20.5 Idle
    • 20.5.1 Menus
    • 20.5.2 Basic editing and navigation
    • 20.5.3 Syntax colors
  • 20.6 Other Graphical User Interface Packages

21 Internationalization

  • 21.1 gettext — Multilingual internationalization services
    • 21.1.1 GNU gettext API
    • 21.1.2 Class-based API
    • 21.1.3 Internationalizing your programs and modules
    • 21.1.4 Acknowledgements
  • 21.2 locale — Internationalization services
    • 21.2.1 Background, details, hints, tips and caveats
    • 21.2.2 For extension writers and programs that embed Python
    • 21.2.3 Access to message catalogs

22 Program Frameworks

  • 22.1 cmd — Support for line-oriented command interpreters
    • 22.1.1 Cmd Objects
  • 22.2 shlex — Simple lexical analysis
  • 22.2.1 shlex Objects
  • 22.2.2 Parsing Rules

23 Development Tools

  • 23.1 pydoc — Documentation generator and online help system
  • 23.2 doctest — Test interactive Python examples
    • 23.2.1 Simple Usage: Checking Examples in Docstrings
    • 23.2.2 Simple Usage: Checking Examples in a Text File
    • 23.2.3 How It Works
    • 23.2.4 Basic API
    • 23.2.5 Unittest API
    • 23.2.6 Advanced API
    • 23.2.7 Debugging
    • 23.2.8 Soapbox
  • 23.3 unittest — Unit testing framework
    • 23.3.1 Basic example
    • 23.3.2 Organizing test code
    • 23.3.3 Re-using old test code
    • 23.3.4 Classes and functions
    • 23.3.5 TestCase Objects
    • 23.3.6 TestSuite Objects
    • 23.3.7 TestResult Objects
    • 23.3.8 TestLoader Objects
  • 23.4 test — Regression tests package for Python
    • 23.4.1 Writing Unit Tests for the test package
    • 23.4.2 Running tests using test.regrtest
  • 23.5 test.test_support — Utility functions for tests

24 The Python Debugger

  • 24.1 Debugger Commands
  • 24.2 How It Works

25 The Python Profilers

  • 25.1 Introduction to the profilers
  • 25.2 Instant User's Manual
  • 25.3 What Is Deterministic Profiling?
  • 25.4 Reference Manual — profile and cProfile
    • 25.4.1 The Stats Class
  • 25.5 Limitations
  • 25.6 Calibration
  • 25.7 Extensions — Deriving Better Profilers
  • 25.8 hotshot — High performance logging profiler
    • 25.8.1 Profile Objects
    • 25.8.2 Using hotshot data
    • 25.8.3 Example Usage
  • 25.9 timeit — Measure execution time of small code snippets
    • 25.9.1 Command Line Interface
    • 25.9.2 Examples
  • 25.10 trace — Trace or track Python statement execution
    • 25.10.1 Command Line Usage
    • 25.10.2 Programming Interface

26 Python Runtime Services

  • 26.1 sys — System-specific parameters and functions
  • 26.2 __builtin__ — Built-in objects
  • 26.3 __main__ — Top-level script environment
  • 26.4 warnings — Warning control
    • 26.4.1 Warning Categories
    • 26.4.2 The Warnings Filter
    • 26.4.3 Available Functions
  • 26.5 contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contexts.
    • 26.6 atexit — Exit handlers
    • 26.6.1 atexit Example
  • 26.7 traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback
    • 26.7.1 Traceback Example
  • 26.8 __future__ — Future statement definitions
  • 26.9 gc — Garbage Collector interface
  • 26.10 inspect — Inspect live objects
    • 26.10.1 Types and members
    • 26.10.2 Retrieving source code
    • 26.10.3 Classes and functions
    • 26.10.4 The interpreter stack
  • 26.11 site — Site-specific configuration hook
  • 26.12 user — User-specific configuration hook
  • 26.13 fpectl — Floating point exception control
    • 26.13.1 Example
    • 26.13.2 Limitations and other considerations

27 Custom Python Interpreters

  • 27.1 code — Interpreter base classes
    • 27.1.1 Interactive Interpreter Objects
    • 27.1.2 Interactive Console Objects
  • 27.2 codeop — Compile Python code

28 Restricted Execution

  • 28.1 rexec — Restricted execution framework
    • 28.1.1 RExec Objects
    • 28.1.2 Defining restricted environments
    • 28.1.3 An example
  • 28.2 Bastion — Restricting access to objects

29 Importing Modules

  • 29.1 imp — Access the import internals
    • 29.1.1 Examples
  • 29.2 zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives
    • 29.2.1 zipimporter Objects
    • 29.2.2 Examples
  • 29.3 pkgutil — Package extension utility
  • 29.4 modulefinder — Find modules used by a script
  • 29.5 runpy — Locating and executing Python modules.

30 Python Services

  • 30.1 parser — Access Python parse trees
    • 30.1.1 Creating AST Objects
    • 30.1.2 Converting AST Objects
    • 30.1.3 Queries on AST Objects
    • 30.1.4 Exceptions and Error Handling
    • 30.1.5 AST Objects
    • 30.1.6 Examples
  • 30.2 symbol — Constants used with Python parse trees
  • 30.3 token — Constants used with Python parse trees
  • 30.4 keyword — Testing for Python keywords
  • 30.5 tokenize — Tokenizer for Python source
  • 30.6 tabnanny — Detection of ambiguous indentation
  • 30.7 pyclbr — Python class browser support
    • 30.7.1 Class Descriptor Objects
    • 30.7.2 Function Descriptor Objects
  • 30.8 py_compile — Compile Python source files
  • 30.9 compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries
  • 30.10 dis — Disassembler for Python byte code
    • 30.10.1 Python Byte Code Instructions
  • 30.11 pickletools — Tools for pickle developers.
  • 30.12 distutils — Building and installing Python modules

31 Python compiler package

  • 31.1 The basic interface
  • 31.2 Limitations
  • 31.3 Python Abstract Syntax
    • 31.3.1 AST Nodes
    • 31.3.2 Assignment nodes
    • 31.3.3 Examples
  • 31.4 Using Visitors to Walk ASTs
  • 31.5 Bytecode Generation

32 Abstract Syntax Trees

  • 32.1 Abstract Grammar

33 Miscellaneous Services

  • 33.1 formatter — Generic output formatting
    • 33.1.1 The Formatter Interface
    • 33.1.2 Formatter Implementations
    • 33.1.3 The Writer Interface
    • 33.1.4 Writer Implementations

34 SGI IRIX Specific Services

  • 34.1 al — Audio functions on the SGI
    • 34.1.1 Configuration Objects
    • 34.1.2 Port Objects
  • 34.2 AL — Constants used with the al module
  • 34.3 cd — CD-ROM access on SGI systems
    • 34.3.1 Player Objects
    • 34.3.2 Parser Objects
  • 34.4 fl — FORMS library for graphical user interfaces
    • 34.4.1 Functions Defined in Module fl
    • 34.4.2 Form Objects
    • 34.4.3 FORMS Objects
  • 34.5 FL — Constants used with the fl module
  • 34.6 flp — Functions for loading stored FORMS designs
  • 34.7 fm — Font Manager interface
  • 34.8 gl — Graphics Library interface
  • 34.9 DEVICE — Constants used with the gl module
  • 34.10 GL — Constants used with the gl module
  • 34.11 imgfile — Support for SGI imglib files
  • 34.12 jpeg — Read and write JPEG files

35 SunOS Specific Services

  • 35.1 sunaudiodev — Access to Sun audio hardware
    • 35.1.1 Audio Device Objects
  • 35.2 SUNAUDIODEV — Constants used with sunaudiodev

36 MS Windows Specific Services

  • 36.1 msilib — Read and write Microsoft Installer files
    • 36.1.1 Database Objects
    • 36.1.2 View Objects
    • 36.1.3 Summary Information Objects
    • 36.1.4 Record Objects
    • 36.1.5 Errors
    • 36.1.6 CAB Objects
    • 36.1.7 Directory Objects
    • 36.1.8 Features
    • 36.1.9 GUI classes
    • 36.1.10 Precomputed tables
  • 36.2 msvcrt — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
    • 36.2.1 File Operations
    • 36.2.2 Console I/O
    • 36.2.3 Other Functions
  • 36.3 _winreg — Windows registry access
    • 36.3.1 Registry Handle Objects
  • 36.4 winsound — Sound-playing interface for Windows

36   Undocumented Modules

  • A.1 Frameworks
  • A.2 Miscellaneous useful utilities
  • A.3 Platform specific modules
  • A.4 Multimedia
  • A.5 Obsolete
  • A.6 SGI-specific Extension modules